tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57634595993963135362024-03-05T20:55:03.976-08:00Humble SociologistBlog of Ananda Mohan Kar...Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-44733616368178342562017-03-04T04:57:00.001-08:002017-03-04T04:58:56.474-08:00CHINATOWN RAHASYA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-47718411306007412792016-07-19T23:52:00.001-07:002016-07-24T02:12:03.776-07:00RAJAN, MEDIA AND THE MIDDLE CLASS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Ananda Mohan Kar</div>
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In 2004, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) badly lost the
parliamentary election. The ‘anti-BJP’ media, quite a large section of the
media industry, projected the defeat to be the result of the anger of the poor.
The poor reacted angrily to BJP’s India shining programme, we were told.
However, the fact of the matter is that the party did well in the backward
regions. It suffered major blows in the urban areas – the constituencies that
were regarded as its stronghold. Actually, the lowering of the interest rate
made the middleclass extremely unhappy and they turned away from the BJP. Some
‘secular’ commentators linked the defeat to the 2002 riot in Modi’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gujrat though it is a different story that
Modi won election after election in his state.</div>
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The negative attitude towards BJP, and more particularly
towards Modi, continued and the bitterness increased between BJP and the media.
But the situation gradually turned in favour of Modi.The new technology gave
him something to challenge the mainstream media houses. Modi and his supporters
were quick to take advantage of the social media. Finally, in 2014, after a gap
of ten years, NDA lead by Narendra Modi came to power.</div>
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But the ‘anti-Modi’ journalists remained active. There was a
search to find out an alternative to Narendra Modi. But it became a difficult
task. The leadership of the main opposition party, Congress, became extremely
weak. The others were more or less confined to their own region having very
little influence at the national level. Moreover, there were serious allegation
of corruption and of poor governance and criticisms for poor governance. Some
showed terrible record in the maintenance of law and order. In this context,
these media people found an icon who can be put against the Modi government –
Raghuram Rajan.</div>
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In Rajan, the ‘anti-Modi’ media found everything they wanted
– a handsome person, a perfect gentleman and one of the great economists of his
time. This UPA appointed RBI Governor was media friendly and was ready to talk
on matters that are ‘outside’ the jurisdiction of the RBI. The economist
trained in the West thought it right to speak up his mind on ‘important’ social
issues. His views gave the ‘secular’ journalists the opportunity to attack the
Modi government on ‘growing intolerance’ in the country against the
‘minorities’ and the people with ‘different opinion.’ Rajan’s statements were
also used by the media to ridicule the economic policy of the government.</div>
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Unfortunately, Rajan allowed the media to put him in the
middle of a political fight between BJP and its opponents. The critics accused
BJP for not being able to accept a person who did not belong to the circle of
the Sangh Parivar. The BJP supporters on the other hand were quick to point out
that the ‘growing intolerance’ was the campaign carried out by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>those who hated Modi and it was not <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the real picture of the country. The number of
foreign tourists did not come down despite such campaign and there was no major
riot in the country. They also pointed out that the out spoken economist never
made any big statements about the massive corruption that took place during the
UPA rule to embarrass the Congress. The similar observation can be made about
the greatest economist Nobel Laureate Prof. Amartya Sen. The huge corruption
not only damaged India’s image but also ruined the future of the poor in India.</div>
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With the passage of time, differences emerged between the
RBI Governor and the Finance Ministry over the interest rate. Rajan remained
stubborn and did not bring down the interest rate as desired by the Finance
Ministry. The move was hailed by the ‘anti-BJP’ media as a success to protect
the ‘sovereignty’ of the institution named RBI.</div>
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All these created rift between the BJP and Rajan and that
led to the scathing criticism of the RBI Governor by the BJP Rajya Sabha MP
Subramanian Swamy. But both the Finance Minister Arun Jaitley and the Prime
Minister Narendra Modi behaved in a responsible and dignified manner. The
supporters of BJP must note that the so called ‘anti-BJP’ Media, who they often
call ‘presstitutes,’ praised the attitude of the PM and the FM towards Rajan.</div>
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The Modi government and BJP wanted lower interest rate to
encourage more investment which would accelerate growth and generate jobs. In
the first two years of the Modi government, the inflation was quite low most of
the time and that offered a great opportunity to bring down the interest rate,
BJP felt. Rajan was not very convinced and he had his reasons. He felt,
controlling inflation is first priority and he remained firm in his position.</div>
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Now the ‘anti-BJP’ media began to give Rajan the credit for
keeping the inflation under check and for keeping the economy on track.In 2016,
there were lots of speculation about Rajan’s second term. The ‘anti-BJP’ media
widely circulated the certificated issued to him by some of the corporate
bosses.Rajan was projected as the only competent person who can ‘protect’ the
Indian economy. Thus a pressure was created to give Rajan the second term.But
in the middle of the year, Raghuram Rajan decided to leave RBI and go back to
the academic circle of the USA.</div>
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Thanks to the media coverage, Raghuram Rajan became a
household name and he was praised by the middle class. Both the middle class,
and the journalists who also come mainly from the same background, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>praised Rajan for keeping inflation under
control. But a month after Rajan’s decision to exit RBI, the huge pay hike for
the employees of the Central Government was announced by the NDA
government.Such a step has all the potential to push the prices of the
commodities upwards. But this time, the same middle class, and the media,
remained silent. Some even claimed that the hike was inadequate. Protests took
place as well in some parts of the country.</div>
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The middle class benefits from pay hike.It also benefits
from the high interest rate.That helps their savings to grow. But there are
millions of people who have no surplus to deposit in their bank accounts. Does
the higher interest rate help them? Are they not the part of the economy? Is
the economy only constituted by the middle class and the big industrialists?
What about the farmers? Those engaged in small cottage industry? Do they not
contribute to the economy? Does the media care to consider their opinion
regarding the desired interest rate?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The supporters of high interest rate would point out that it
is the poor who are hit by inflation most. Therefore, the higher interest is
justified when in the context of controlling inflation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first part is absolutely right. But the competent
economists do not enlighten us that higher interest rate is not the only
measure available to check inflation. Inflation rate is not necessarily very
high in the economies with extremely low interest rate. Inflation occurs when
there is too much money in the market compared to low quantity of production.
Therefore, one has to increase production which requires investment. Secondly,
one has to check the flow of money coming to the market. That can be done by –
raising the direct tax, encouraging people to purchase bonds, acting against
the hoarders, tackling black money and by removing subsidy from those who are
not poor.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To be fait to Arun Jaitley, he was trying to address those
issues. However, the media is extremely sensitive about the middle class. When
Jaitley presented the budget in 2016, which proposed marginal increase in
income tax, it was termed by a section of the media as having nothing for the
middle class. One business expert termed the budget as ‘Robin Hood Budget’ –
the budget which takes away from the rich and the middle class and gives it to
the poor.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Undoubtedly, the focus of the economic policy should be on
the poor as the Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi repeatedly reminded the
Modi Government.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One should not forget that a large section of the poor makes
in India and they will continue to make in India in future. They will not
transfer their capital out of the country as it is done by some big corporate
bosses. But these poor people need capital at a much cheaper rate.The success
of MUDRA scheme, If the claims of the Prime Minister are right, is an indicator
that huge number of people are willing to start or expand their small business.
If these initiatives do well, they will create a large number of low income
jobs for the poor and for those who are not highly skilled. Low interest rate
will definitely help them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The importance of low interest rate is well understood by
those associated with micro-finance organisations like Bandhan. Bandhan decided
to become a bank to lend thousands of poor women loans at a cheaper rate. The
loans given to the Self Help Groups help to reduce the dependence on the money
lenders, help the poor to become producers and the extra income brings social
security.Low interest rate will help thousands of Self Help Group members who
belong to the weaker sections of the society.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The middle class must take a total view of the economy. In
West Bengal, it criticised the State Government for not raising the Dearness
Allowance for the State Government employees. The demand cannot be termed
unjustified when it is compared with that of the Central Government.However,
the victory of Mamata Banerjee in 2016 assembly election in West Bengal proves
that it is possible to win election without appeasing the ‘opinion maker’
middle class.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So,the domination of the educated middle class on the
politics is declining in India.But the welfare of the poor will raise the
demand of the service sector and ultimately benefit and expand the middle
class.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The middle class dominated media must notice those changes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-62056594636307116932016-07-17T07:25:00.000-07:002016-07-17T07:25:20.530-07:00SKILL INDIA: Lessons from disappointing past experience<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Ananda Mohan Kar<br />
<br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Indian economy is growing but jobs are not being
generated. The population of the unemployed is rising. All are worried.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this context, the Modi government has come out with a
mission: Skill India.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is true that machine is replacing humans in
manufacturing. On the other hand, the investors are scared to initiate new
project. The old labour laws are also discouraging new investment, as suggested
by the supporters of the market economy. In addition to that, new industries
with new jobs will not come up unless infrastructure for industry is developed.
If these issues are not addressed, neither the skilled nor the unskilled people
will get job.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But having said that, there is no reason to undermine the
importance of skill. Scarcity of skilled people will not bring investment in
any economy. Concerns have been expressed from more than one quarter that the
majority of the engineers coming out of the Indian engineering colleges are not
employable. The situation is not different in other disciplines as well. There
is a fear that the large population of youth would turn out to be a huge burden
on the nation, instead of becoming an asset.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Therefore, the programme of Skill India is a welcome step.
The huge money that the Government of India has allotted in this scheme proves
the serious intention of the people in power.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But the experience of the B.Ed course, and the Orientation
Programme and the Refreshers Course suggest that there is a need to be
cautious. These training programmes for the skill development of the teachers
are going on for decades. The first one is for the school teachers and the
other two are for those who teach in the colleges and in the Universities. I
have found, from my interaction with the participants of such courses, very few
of them are satisfied with what is on offer. They feel, most of the
presentations made by the resource persons have little relevance with the task
they are supposed to perform. That apart, they have heavy workload like large
number of lectures to be delivered along with the pressure to evaluate large
number of answer scripts in most of the understaffed institutions. Such
situation prevents application of innovative teaching techniques. But still
they are compelled to go for such courses to fulfill the condition of next
promotion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is another angle as far as the B.Ed course is
concerned. Many people get admitted to the course as it is essential to become
teachers. But in the end, inadequate vacancies for the teaching posts force
many to take up jobs other than teaching. But the private B.Ed colleges have
appeared in many places and they are making lots of money. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Similarly, a large number of young men and women, who aspire
to get government jobs, pay huge amount of fees to the coaching centres for the
preparation of the competitive exams. But very few of the candidated achieve
the desired success.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Therefore, so far, we find wastage of time, of money and of
energy in the name of skill development.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the last one year, the Prime Minister Narendra Modi has repeatedly
claimed that the reduction of wastage is one of the major achievements of his
government. The government would do better to make necessary changes in these
programmes after consulting the stakeholders. </div>
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That apart, the people of the country have some responsibilities.
There is an urgent need to change the mindset of the people. The Indians
require giving up their obsession for the piece of papers – the certificates.
Instead, they must understand the importance of learning. If that does not
happen, the skill development programme would lose its objective, in spite of
best intention of the government. </div>
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Let us hope that the precious public money is not wasted.</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-31681320755474566122016-07-16T05:13:00.003-07:002016-07-16T05:13:56.024-07:00FAT TAX AND DIABETES: Better option available<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Ananda Mohan Kar<br />
<br />
On the Second International Yoga Day, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, gave a call to tackle diabetes. Next month, the Left Front Government in the Sothern Indian State of Kerala imposed ‘Fat Tax’ on the food items that cause obesity and diabetes. The move aimed at reducing the consumption of cold drink and junk food.<br />
Unfortunately, diabetes has emerged as an ‘epidemic’ and urgent measures are needed. But the step taken in Kerala is too little and too late.<br />
The media has already raised questions regarding the choice of the items. Only the ‘western’ foods have been mentioned. The ‘Indian’ foods, which contain high calorie and excessive fat, are not been touched. So, there is a possibility for a debate on the ‘imposition of nationalism from above.’ However, that is unlikely to happen as the idea of ‘fat tax’ has come from the ‘secular left’ and so the ‘intellectuals’ are expected to remain silent this time.<br />
But the other challenges are more serious. The monitoring of the market is definitely a tough task to carry out. That apart, the income of the rich, and that of the middleclass, has gone up substantially in the last decade. Therefore, some percentage increase in the price may not bring down the sale of those condemned commodities. Only a change in the food habit is the answer to the problem.<br />
But the cultural change is difficult to bring in, particularly in the era of liberal market economy. Here, the producers are not only to sell whatever they like (except those that are prohibited by law) but are also free to advertise their products.<br />
So, the Governments in India, both at the Centre as well as at the States, must chalk out new strategy. The Government cannot violate the principles of economy, nor can it interfere in the public choice. But keeping in mind the larger interest, it can bring changes in its own sphere. There are large number of canteens and footstalls in the government office premises across the country. Stop the sale of such food items in those shops. The restriction can be extended the stalls located in the state run railway stations and bus terminuses and to all the educational institutions that receive government fund. At the time of evaluating the Universities and the Colleges, the issue of healthy food should be looked into.<br />
However, before taking such step, the items to be banned should be objectively identified by the well known specialists in this subject. Otherwise, all the good moves would be lost in the debate over ‘political motive.’
</div>
Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-6430617680708411492016-03-06T07:43:00.001-08:002016-03-06T08:08:51.084-08:00A BENGALI NOVEL ON CALCUTTA GREEKS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alexander Eshechilen Kolkatay </i>(Alexander Came to Calcutta) is a
detective fiction of a different kind. This is perhaps the first fictional work
on the Greeks of Calcutta. There was a small but rich Greek community in the
city during the British colonial rule. Though the Greeks lived in Calcutta for
more than two centuries, very few Indians have any idea about this diaspora.
Apart from focusing on the history of the Calcutta Greeks, the novel touches
upon several burning issues like land acquisition for industry, sustainable
development, commercialization of sports etc. This is my first Bengali novel
and I have published it in my blog <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Humble
Sociologist</i>. Please read, comment and share if you like.<br />
<br />
</div>
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<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_ZVZobm-PRfY2dMd3hCQW9rTEk/preview" width="640" height="480"></iframe>
Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-66248753847065256092016-03-06T07:37:00.002-08:002016-03-06T07:37:24.074-08:00SOCIOLOGY AND LITERATURE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Hi, I am a sociologist by
profession but creative writing is my passion. This blog is an effort to
present my writings in front of the people across the world. The idea is not
just to entertain but also to raise several issues that often do not attract
adequate attention. For this blog, I have planned to publish long stories, or
the novels, part by part. After the publication of the last chapter, I would go
through the suggestions of the readers and I would try to accommodate them as
much as possible. Thereafter, the entire novel would be uploaded once again as
a pdf file or in the form of an ebook. So, your opinion is very important. Your
comments will help to enrich the fiction as well as initiate valuable
discussion on various important questions that we face.</div>
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Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-71309279162642573272016-02-28T07:26:00.000-08:002016-03-06T06:56:38.058-08:00A Bengali Novel on Calcutta Greeks
<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_ZVZobm-PRfVGh0TVl3elYxQkU/preview" width="640" height="480"></iframe>Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-30345359810995302112013-12-11T01:18:00.002-08:002013-12-11T01:18:29.931-08:00NAGAJATI: First Bengali Book on the Nagas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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My maternal grand father, Dr. Surendra Nath
Majumdar (1884 – 1976) was a LMS and he was a physician by profession. He was
in Assam Medical Service and was posted in Nagaland as Assistant Surgeon for
three years from March 1913 to December 1915. During this stay in the <st1:place w:st="on">Naga Hills</st1:place>, Dr. Majumdar travelled different parts of
that North East Frontier region and he came to contact with different prominent
people belonging to various sections of the Naga community. Then he could
gather lots of information about the Nagas – their social structure, kinship,
customs, culture, economic condition etc. He wrote some papers on these issues
during his leisure time and they were published in some reputed journals like
“Probasi” (Bengali), “Sourav” (Bengali), Sreebhumi (Bengali), “Modern Review”,
“Man in India” (Vol. IV, No. 1-2-1924). In the year 1925, he published a book,
in English, on the Nagas. Almost fifty years later, in 1973, Dr. Majumdar
published a Bengali book named “Nagajati”. In this book, he takes pride to be
the first ‘Indian (Bengali)’ to produce a book on the Nagas. His efforts to
document the social life of this tribe was lauded by many eminent people. They
include G.H. Hutton; Professor N. K. Bose, Commissioner of Scheduled Castes and
Tribes (Retd.), Surajit Sinha, President, Anthropological Survey of India etc.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
</div>
Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-69171306412518933712013-12-09T23:09:00.005-08:002013-12-09T23:09:42.410-08:00VRINDABAN, 1988<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxqX8em5MIGNwIK8belqgROWVjeIyiJpFCh5sRvZCw_rIDW6TX2LO84ieWAkiLLPFKOpHC2iWgS5YGE4wJtEnQmI9McigRfG-41qPz_bZelk8WJNf6wAYH3V-mL5Q7_k_82dS2inBvQXk/s1600/IMG_1668.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxqX8em5MIGNwIK8belqgROWVjeIyiJpFCh5sRvZCw_rIDW6TX2LO84ieWAkiLLPFKOpHC2iWgS5YGE4wJtEnQmI9McigRfG-41qPz_bZelk8WJNf6wAYH3V-mL5Q7_k_82dS2inBvQXk/s400/IMG_1668.JPG" width="400" /></a> I visited Mathura,Vrindaban and the surrounding areas, with my parents and elder sister, in November 1988.I made those sketches at that time.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg_9AfrC6DApo_i-T6Ip5AjvxfQ2IsrcyOYpSBfH5DGiy8s3C8p_DugdmbVVWxe4KVZ4igZdPvux58utdp0j4pBgatrb5JbBG0HdWB7JJ5PNeEkZST_20AmeppMMxGRqBogSBo0gIwROE/s1600/IMG_1671.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg_9AfrC6DApo_i-T6Ip5AjvxfQ2IsrcyOYpSBfH5DGiy8s3C8p_DugdmbVVWxe4KVZ4igZdPvux58utdp0j4pBgatrb5JbBG0HdWB7JJ5PNeEkZST_20AmeppMMxGRqBogSBo0gIwROE/s400/IMG_1671.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_0EHL-vD7emKQHjko9TEvUjFOy6Oav0I2tykvPmCt_BwMMBiuAPJSg8BhsnwlmuswpHCBxFcBSQArpKJaSGpk9fz-XKFkMiCI84aKKfaC-YJRf2LAgndPc89GDzFDL9fPDpumdNWqvtE/s1600/IMG_1670.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_0EHL-vD7emKQHjko9TEvUjFOy6Oav0I2tykvPmCt_BwMMBiuAPJSg8BhsnwlmuswpHCBxFcBSQArpKJaSGpk9fz-XKFkMiCI84aKKfaC-YJRf2LAgndPc89GDzFDL9fPDpumdNWqvtE/s400/IMG_1670.JPG" width="400" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsuGluCYz_-6tgqZN2ti5r9RoyrqGqYy94eGHsbP_zBjT6xztaNXJUTaDmR5deUfmY3A61lHZSR-KoG2HzE9gK9w6EUA6yvOw3vCSjdQVr7GBLc-QNN4pDVrEgSeggBN1csoeA9voMRBw/s1600/IMG_1672.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsuGluCYz_-6tgqZN2ti5r9RoyrqGqYy94eGHsbP_zBjT6xztaNXJUTaDmR5deUfmY3A61lHZSR-KoG2HzE9gK9w6EUA6yvOw3vCSjdQVr7GBLc-QNN4pDVrEgSeggBN1csoeA9voMRBw/s400/IMG_1672.JPG" width="300" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg01yDc_nSbUp9NKX4xhfZ2eLRdNxX_kXM_78AlxBD8KMwpSnD3dfesEjvVdWgkMbWNTaIJBSBvjo4Bn4y7eY7eKR6LwIatHoXznmkmQyrNOALkIl8pW2PCU_HmXgzboQ8_Rg48_pqhyphenhyphenMc/s1600/IMG_1674.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg01yDc_nSbUp9NKX4xhfZ2eLRdNxX_kXM_78AlxBD8KMwpSnD3dfesEjvVdWgkMbWNTaIJBSBvjo4Bn4y7eY7eKR6LwIatHoXznmkmQyrNOALkIl8pW2PCU_HmXgzboQ8_Rg48_pqhyphenhyphenMc/s400/IMG_1674.JPG" width="400" /></a><br />
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I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-88121242716266183032013-11-12T23:43:00.001-08:002013-11-12T23:43:12.919-08:00SIGHTSEEING IN BURDWAN TOWN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>ANIRBAN BANERJEE</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Professor, The Department of Sociology</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The University of Burdwan</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>I</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan town is a
blend of the old and the new, the traditional and the modem. Burdwan
is today an important business centre, apart from being the capital
of Burdwan district. The name, </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bardhaman,
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">called
Burdwan by the British, is a town of great antiquity. Varahamihir, in
his </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Brihatsamhita,
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">called
the place </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bardhamanpur
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.The
place had links with the Jain religion and is mentioned in Jam
literature. During Emperor, Harshavardhan's regime it was called
</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bardhamankoti
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">while
during the Pala and Sena regimes it was known as </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Dandabhukti
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">or
</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bardhamanbhukti.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan town is
situated on the banks of the Damodar river .The Banka river bisects
it into two halves. It is located at an average distance of about 100
kilometres from the state capital, Kolkata and is linked to all major
towns and cities through rail and road. The </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Grand
Trunk Road</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">runs
through the town.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>II</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan is the
home of many fine specimens of medieval architecture. The Khaja Anwar
Nawab Ber is located in the South of Burdwan town. It is a three
hundred year old specimen of Indo- Syrian architecture. The 108 Shiva
temple complex, which was founded in 1789 AD by Rani Bishnukumari
Devi at Nababhat, is a good example of </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>deul
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">type
of architecture found in Bengal, The Sarba- Mangala Mandir was
constructed in the 18</span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">th</span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
century. It contains black stone image of Devi Durga. Sarbamangla was
the family deity of the Maharajas of Burdwan. The Baroduari at
Kanchannagar was constructed to celebrate a military victory.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>III</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan has a
number of Victorian & neo-classical monuments. The Mahatab
Manjil, which was inaugurated in 1851 by Mahatab Chand, the Maharaja
of Burdwan, was originally the residence of the Maharajas and formed
part of the Rajbati complex. It now houses the offices of The
University of Burdwan. The University of Burdwan is a four star
affiliating university which not only runs traditional academic
courses but also vocational courses to cater to the needs of a wide
cross section of students. Apart from the Mahtab Manjil, the Rani
Mahal has been converted into the Uday Chand Women's College. Aftab
House, which houses the Burdwan Raj College, has neo-classical
architectural features. The college is a living example of the
interest shown by the Maharajas in higher education. The </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Star
of India Gate, </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">on
G.T. Road, was popularity known as </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Curzon
Gate. </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bijay
Chand Mahatab, Maharajadhiraj of Burdwan, constructed it to
commemorate his getting the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Star
of India</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
award from the British government, in 1904. Lord Curzon, who visited
Burdwan in 1904, entered Burdwan through this Gate. Now renamed </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Bijoy
Toran, </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">it
has become a symbol of the town. It is located on G.T. Road at
Raniganj bazaar. Burdwan is now celebrating the centenary of this
gate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>IV</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Those with a
religious bent of mind may visit the temple constructed by the saint
Kamalakanta, and the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>dargah
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">of
Pir Khakkar Shah at Rajbati. The Bardhamaneshwar temple at
Jilipi-Bagan, Alamganj, should be visited to see the huge shiva
lingam. Another important temple is the Kankaleswari temple at
Kanchannagore, The image is of great artistic value. After seeing the
image, one gets the impression that the sculptor had a deep knowledge
of human anatomy. Other places of religious interest include the 108
Shiva temple complex at Nawabhat, where a fair is held during Shiva
Ratri, the Church besides the Curzon Gate, Rathtala, where the
chariots of the Rathajatra festival are kept, the Gurudwara Guru
Nanak Charan Kamal at Shyambazar, and the mosque at Khoshbagan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>V</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan has been
the setting of many great historical events. The graves of Sher
Afghan and Kutubuddhin at Pir Baharam stand as mute witnesses to a
bygone era when might was right. History depicts Sher Afghan as a
rebel against whom Jehangir sent his half brother, Kutubuddhin.
Popular plays depict Sher Afghan as a loving husband, whose wife,
Meherunnisa was coveted by Jehangir. When Sher Afghan refused to
surrender, Kutubuddhin engaged him and in the ensuing battle, both
were killed. Meherunnisa was sent to Jehangir's </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>zenana
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.Impressed
by her beauty Jehangir renamed her Nur Jehan or 'light of the world'.
It is as Nur Jehan that she exercised great influence over the
Emperor. The Khwaja Anwar Nawab Ber is named after two Mughal
generals. The Baroduari commemorates the victory Raja Kirtichand Rai
over Chitua Barda.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>VI</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan also has a
number of parks and pleasure gardens. The oldest of them is </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Golapbag,</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">originally
the pleasure garden of the Maharaja of Burdwan. Old timers recall
that it was also used as a public park. A walk through this garden in
the morning refreshes the mind. Golapbag contains two fine relics off
the Raj, the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Darul
Bahar</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">which
was the garden house where Lord Curzon was reportedly entertained,
and the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dilkhus
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">which
is on an island. The entire garden is encircled by a moat. Golapbag
now houses the academic departments of the university.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nearby is the
</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Krishnasayar
Ecological Park</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>.
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">You
may unwind at the park. Facilities are available for boating. That
apart, Krishnasayar boasts of an aviary, a snake park and an
aquarium, a restaurant and an art gallery. The best time to visit
</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Krisnasayar
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">is
between 1-10 January every year when during the Holi, the Bengal
Dance festival is held. You may also visit the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ramnabagan
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>zoo.
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
was originally a deer park but now houses some animals and birds. The
</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bijoy
Bahar,</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">which
is adjacent to the zoo, is a memorial to the late Maharajadhraj Bijoy
Chand Mahtab. During the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Shiv
Ratri</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>,
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">a
big festival is held here. Both are located opposite the first gate
of Golapbag.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan is one of
the most tech savvy towns is West Bengal. According to one estimate
60,000 people in Burdwan regularly use computers. A website has now
been opened on Burdwan district. It is named </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>www.bardhaman.com</u></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
It also contains detailed information on Burdwan town.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Two of the most
important modern landmarks of Burdwan are the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bardhaman
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Science
Centre</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">and
the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Meghnad
Saha Planetarium</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>.
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Both
of them are located opposite Golapbag. Science comes alive at the
Science Centre through numerous games and interactive models. There
is also a provision for picnics at the Science Centre. The
Planetarium is the most modem planetarium in West Bengal. It is the
second planetarium in West Bengal after </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Birla
Planetarium</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">in
Kolkata. It is also the only planetarium in West Bengal to be
attached to a university.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan also
boasts of an ultramodern auditorium in </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sanskriti
Lokomoncha</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>.
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is located in the court compound opposite </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Bijoy
Toran (Curzon Gate).</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We
may also mention, in this context, the century old </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bangshagopal
Town Hall.</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Though
the Victorian facade is undisturbed the interior has been thoroughly
renovated on modem lines. That apart, we have the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bardhaman
Rabindra Bhavan</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">and
the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Railway
Institute Hall</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Apart
from these halls, Burdwan has a number of cinema halls.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Picnic spots in
Burdwan include the Burdwan University Farm and the waterworks at
Lakurdi.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Those who are
interested in shopping may visit </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dutta
Centre</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">in
Raniganj Bazaar, near Curzon Gate. Other important shopping centres
are the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Patal
Bazar</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">on
G.T.Road, and the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Spandan</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Complex.
Delegates who are interested in buying local handicrafts may visit
</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>Karuj</b></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">at
Spandan Complex for </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>dokra
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">and
other fine specimens of art.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The easiest and
cheapest way to visit these places is by rickshaw. Rickshaws are
available 24 hours a day throughout Burdwan. You can also hire a car
from the taxi stand near the Bardhaman Railway Station.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There are plenty
of places to stay in Burdwan town. Retiring rooms are available at
the Bardhaman Railway Station. That apart you may stay at the </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burdwan
University Guest House, </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">the
Circuit House, </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bardhaman
Bhavan, </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Irrigation
Bungalow, Guest House of the Burdwan Municipality, </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Meen
Bhavan, </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Guest
House of Bardhaman Cooperative Bank, Guest House of the Department of
Agriculture and several hotels.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">From Burdwan you
may visit many places. You may visit Santiniketaa, the site of
Tagore's experiments on education, by train or car. You may also
visit Kalna, Katwa, Malda, Murshidabad, Kolkata, Nabadwip, and
Santiniketan among other places.</span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>VII</b></span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Before you leave
Burdwan, be sure to taste its famous delicacies- </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Mihidana
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">and</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sitabhog.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maharajadhiraj
Bijay Chand Mahatab specially commissioned these sweets in honour of
Lord Curzon, when he visited the town in 1904. A local sweetmeat
maker invented them. The Maharaja himself named the white sweet
</span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Sitabhog
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">and
the yellowish grains, </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Mihidana.
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
best quality mihidana and sitabhog is available at </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Ganesh
Mistanna Bhandar </i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">in
Tentultala Bazaar,adjacent to Raniganj Bazaar.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For further
information on Burdwan visit the portal </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>www.bardhaman.com</u></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
.</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">[Source: </span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>National
Seminar on Contemporary Indian Society: Issues & Challenges
(February 7</i></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>th</i></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
& 8</i></span></span><sup><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>th</i></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>
2004) Souvenir</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PIX: ANIRBAN
BANERJEE</span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIVY3nnLPLk1DVn-p41gexnX3uoWJhdYMZ_hEXNpUXGNkytf1HCRWfu9wlSksHVSihpON4_782vnVS0UtSLTxZE01v0EAxriYINhFYoFcy00bhcRYJpYwlKAfzc1Ul5PdTfcF9gnHSrk/s1600/108+Shiva+Temples%28Shivlinga%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIVY3nnLPLk1DVn-p41gexnX3uoWJhdYMZ_hEXNpUXGNkytf1HCRWfu9wlSksHVSihpON4_782vnVS0UtSLTxZE01v0EAxriYINhFYoFcy00bhcRYJpYwlKAfzc1Ul5PdTfcF9gnHSrk/s320/108+Shiva+Temples%28Shivlinga%29.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">108 Shiva Temples @ Nawabhat</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7dHaoMXeLlkZXuoFT0-0Z1r47X-6wvxE2uzmEk62c6NcjpaPoHfkJjsEgxMdc79L9zEWCfIQPLeA-F-dfevUKjecdRdDJc8qOLW7fhIJ7DSwk3pO5WoGcbt58_JVduTGasDKS_eNaze8/s1600/108+Shiva+temples@+Nawabhat,+Burdwan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7dHaoMXeLlkZXuoFT0-0Z1r47X-6wvxE2uzmEk62c6NcjpaPoHfkJjsEgxMdc79L9zEWCfIQPLeA-F-dfevUKjecdRdDJc8qOLW7fhIJ7DSwk3pO5WoGcbt58_JVduTGasDKS_eNaze8/s320/108+Shiva+temples@+Nawabhat,+Burdwan.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">108 Shiva Temples @ Nawabhat</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-MD3jWz7D1srriWI2pgHmxmKmJFxzqzSsYbmu5uBaZWV55B-KrbpXWaPhiWUIoyGze4JTJFhZxgxfvbThs7X9cP6CsK7p_zFyQCUgnWqEQCPWOJLW7O2iEpE_jbwkX5zIFYiDqg20Rsk/s1600/Bardhaman+Science+Centre,+Golapbag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-MD3jWz7D1srriWI2pgHmxmKmJFxzqzSsYbmu5uBaZWV55B-KrbpXWaPhiWUIoyGze4JTJFhZxgxfvbThs7X9cP6CsK7p_zFyQCUgnWqEQCPWOJLW7O2iEpE_jbwkX5zIFYiDqg20Rsk/s320/Bardhaman+Science+Centre,+Golapbag.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bardhaman Science Centre</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXaeIon7M3fhjTuOdRRBhIRFBRWyThQ8YhYlze8M9jii412aKro0rqQ3U0CSoY38udmvtiZ-6S2grB-_dMjr85jLfNX4IhND_a1_Xq266hWwdUCf0vRztaweYxSLxY7SPKtjNu5kq5C0/s1600/Bardhamaneshwar+Shiva.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXaeIon7M3fhjTuOdRRBhIRFBRWyThQ8YhYlze8M9jii412aKro0rqQ3U0CSoY38udmvtiZ-6S2grB-_dMjr85jLfNX4IhND_a1_Xq266hWwdUCf0vRztaweYxSLxY7SPKtjNu5kq5C0/s320/Bardhamaneshwar+Shiva.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bardhamaneshwar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggw_0CMmeBDZEhqlWJvOXKnWhiDNSC839rdT6kqE9AGB52wxICX8_9e-jwJMKOEzZg-YfjlaG4tVyZGhnzo2tbY9PXhWr2u9miib4fYXdmmbm7n0pZYObrO3FCgHibBzNGMw2KsGrexl0/s1600/Barodwari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggw_0CMmeBDZEhqlWJvOXKnWhiDNSC839rdT6kqE9AGB52wxICX8_9e-jwJMKOEzZg-YfjlaG4tVyZGhnzo2tbY9PXhWr2u9miib4fYXdmmbm7n0pZYObrO3FCgHibBzNGMw2KsGrexl0/s320/Barodwari.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Barodwari</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmhCmoQCq_PpAF8UZXub_jHl9K-Zghc1Np4zUeBkW6gQh7oHKAF0CVlfUyoBQe7gctyXUKZmsWL3886WP-3o6YrkhFxGhw8-29d_9rQeL7MagB3n4_wzl3G2YTBvbtpYaUHy2twkoAmgA/s1600/Dar+ul+Bahar+%28Golapbag%29The+University+of+Burdwan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmhCmoQCq_PpAF8UZXub_jHl9K-Zghc1Np4zUeBkW6gQh7oHKAF0CVlfUyoBQe7gctyXUKZmsWL3886WP-3o6YrkhFxGhw8-29d_9rQeL7MagB3n4_wzl3G2YTBvbtpYaUHy2twkoAmgA/s320/Dar+ul+Bahar+%28Golapbag%29The+University+of+Burdwan.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dar Ul Bahar (The University of Burdwan, Golapbag)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_XMQIVqjUxR5iFEL-nduEHf5FcrewTu8nI73EcJcJ90BdjFQVZA72iRTuEYObKpMG-aYd5qq2TxITdIv0fSY_8YpTWKMIdlU0LS1mGCUs6nEPCzrIp9xfaVr_70gZPR9Bi14oquWT2nc/s1600/Dargah+of+Khakkar+Shah,+%28behind+Rajbati%29Inside+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_XMQIVqjUxR5iFEL-nduEHf5FcrewTu8nI73EcJcJ90BdjFQVZA72iRTuEYObKpMG-aYd5qq2TxITdIv0fSY_8YpTWKMIdlU0LS1mGCUs6nEPCzrIp9xfaVr_70gZPR9Bi14oquWT2nc/s320/Dargah+of+Khakkar+Shah,+%28behind+Rajbati%29Inside+view.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dargah of Khakkar Shah (Behind Rajbati), Inside View</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbOtGRRK5hNCYfnjGTjLah4CD2zwpE_3CKgoqlWxxK5fwtodNAemaIZRr16Ewu-pelKMp8_qW6jii1Xd5lpGrNzY_u8zCFwaUKqW07IgsnUdQfQ29nsHy_m8KCQCxK62uwdUVgpg0hzYU/s1600/Dilkhus(Golapbag).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbOtGRRK5hNCYfnjGTjLah4CD2zwpE_3CKgoqlWxxK5fwtodNAemaIZRr16Ewu-pelKMp8_qW6jii1Xd5lpGrNzY_u8zCFwaUKqW07IgsnUdQfQ29nsHy_m8KCQCxK62uwdUVgpg0hzYU/s320/Dilkhus(Golapbag).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dilkhus (Golapbag)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSj4Lr7XZZN97TWnykYVfznVKlncFwIzK5ldLcxSKI6W9F9-hXrga5ynW4hd6Vt8bBYm3uq5RwbyKXzuXhdhyphenhyphenOHk0a160DAop64sncTQyewoI9qiZL2TXeUb2nrR46NIlqegT0_FJntrI/s1600/Graves+of+Sher+Afghan+&+Kutubuddhin@+Pir+Baharam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSj4Lr7XZZN97TWnykYVfznVKlncFwIzK5ldLcxSKI6W9F9-hXrga5ynW4hd6Vt8bBYm3uq5RwbyKXzuXhdhyphenhyphenOHk0a160DAop64sncTQyewoI9qiZL2TXeUb2nrR46NIlqegT0_FJntrI/s320/Graves+of+Sher+Afghan+&+Kutubuddhin@+Pir+Baharam.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Graves of Sher Afgan and Kutubuddin @ Pir Baharam</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUdzDiRhSRjZZ9ndHY74E50wFo5-sQQLuJDimL8Z21iS4gLtVm4HqBIm5EvYY6D7TWzbRlmygOnE_YBWt8cIlgHP_4K9tE93q2giILHOj7b9oXTSYvNGb6xzo3ga_cOtymtyLkp7Lu_0Q/s1600/Guru+Nanak+Guruduwara.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUdzDiRhSRjZZ9ndHY74E50wFo5-sQQLuJDimL8Z21iS4gLtVm4HqBIm5EvYY6D7TWzbRlmygOnE_YBWt8cIlgHP_4K9tE93q2giILHOj7b9oXTSYvNGb6xzo3ga_cOtymtyLkp7Lu_0Q/s320/Guru+Nanak+Guruduwara.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Guru Nanak Gurdwara</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4h4F01unFye5nDrZrWOmoziE6Jb0Qwc9GegjC_-3wsOxKMXevxUAikbGsk6Q56cq6fH54hQ1kzyMA8Xy065NG7kG8nUXyBTcL4LAbILQ8pzKpTHWUhzBJMeomPUHx315h_xOih791ilw/s1600/Irrigation+Canal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4h4F01unFye5nDrZrWOmoziE6Jb0Qwc9GegjC_-3wsOxKMXevxUAikbGsk6Q56cq6fH54hQ1kzyMA8Xy065NG7kG8nUXyBTcL4LAbILQ8pzKpTHWUhzBJMeomPUHx315h_xOih791ilw/s320/Irrigation+Canal.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Irrigation Canal</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht4JOaFMuUA3CjH_KxaToqq_FJwmSoq6ybA8UU9O02p_x9illIQA6LmlRsbv_QoHzk0WaImKPQ6dm7MXxn0IKOUpEVmKk7MjRyCM55bhb6xalGsqTDY3NGYUJ38pjAaqNO1_WGRwyEvzE/s1600/Krishak+Setu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht4JOaFMuUA3CjH_KxaToqq_FJwmSoq6ybA8UU9O02p_x9illIQA6LmlRsbv_QoHzk0WaImKPQ6dm7MXxn0IKOUpEVmKk7MjRyCM55bhb6xalGsqTDY3NGYUJ38pjAaqNO1_WGRwyEvzE/s320/Krishak+Setu.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Krishak Setu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo0SFHI_w3yH-C1VzrVochvk8WvF1s1Q-B9U4pkgv8z91qbsUYadZcx3ZN51Nyj1aCleSr0V6oVeE2HmhWVHHHMx8hqFDWQGgDdk1-q1pBYqJXdwznHKpgytw2xrPTeX8Ju_czEEi7suE/s1600/Mahtab+Manjil%28Rajbati%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo0SFHI_w3yH-C1VzrVochvk8WvF1s1Q-B9U4pkgv8z91qbsUYadZcx3ZN51Nyj1aCleSr0V6oVeE2HmhWVHHHMx8hqFDWQGgDdk1-q1pBYqJXdwznHKpgytw2xrPTeX8Ju_czEEi7suE/s320/Mahtab+Manjil%28Rajbati%29.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mahtab Manjil</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTiH2eA200rQMvzJcN4TR98TCKpUG1MkWvdx_bSnl-YCZ-gWtiaHnzjGZd21n_Gxz4EBNkPOJSSzZ2QzyS8yWE_wHoimwgoLgee-z45jvvSA3eZkDKNso8D3wga7VqLL_E8cUpQ7GGPmY/s1600/Mahtab+Manjil-details.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTiH2eA200rQMvzJcN4TR98TCKpUG1MkWvdx_bSnl-YCZ-gWtiaHnzjGZd21n_Gxz4EBNkPOJSSzZ2QzyS8yWE_wHoimwgoLgee-z45jvvSA3eZkDKNso8D3wga7VqLL_E8cUpQ7GGPmY/s320/Mahtab+Manjil-details.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mahtab Manjil</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgGHi8a112izJMI-4VbsM5b9G0dCzd3qMjnMWw3SnhaWW4wqaJwVQDPHPKBKKTdRIVts4H2S8qzPaBXrcWZ5KUngVEmMrs2SkTOiLXsYvWLzLf58J8WYbWO0OdYN_gyUfQJ6dn7Cv7i8s/s1600/Meghnada+Saha+Planetaurium,The+University+of+Burdwan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgGHi8a112izJMI-4VbsM5b9G0dCzd3qMjnMWw3SnhaWW4wqaJwVQDPHPKBKKTdRIVts4H2S8qzPaBXrcWZ5KUngVEmMrs2SkTOiLXsYvWLzLf58J8WYbWO0OdYN_gyUfQJ6dn7Cv7i8s/s320/Meghnada+Saha+Planetaurium,The+University+of+Burdwan.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Meghnad Saha Planetaurium</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcc5VxaMR5c2MK5_ekQJ0Ye4vVaKO-o7EMi-mtHLpkUdf8x6wqG9kU1UTqhImbSDv6fj8qxrzzBo-GF190mJZVBLJwT5tU6Ian4cV3JdJqnGIrCkjtfx5sP-SB3-AxMRbYLcMquClHDQU/s1600/Pir+Baharam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcc5VxaMR5c2MK5_ekQJ0Ye4vVaKO-o7EMi-mtHLpkUdf8x6wqG9kU1UTqhImbSDv6fj8qxrzzBo-GF190mJZVBLJwT5tU6Ian4cV3JdJqnGIrCkjtfx5sP-SB3-AxMRbYLcMquClHDQU/s320/Pir+Baharam.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pir Baharam</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLP0nHmke22DiVVUId7Kpzepka9R_bXvLE9loMRpnaZsvn_O1qEh4FGRg9CdPClxuN-RlQeVx2wgPWxxpAoPAHGZXUvSrSnZB9iRfZ-vCmEo2bLLC7EVphsHKrVuMBpryJ0xr8rYD8cgY/s1600/Sarbamangala+Temple.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLP0nHmke22DiVVUId7Kpzepka9R_bXvLE9loMRpnaZsvn_O1qEh4FGRg9CdPClxuN-RlQeVx2wgPWxxpAoPAHGZXUvSrSnZB9iRfZ-vCmEo2bLLC7EVphsHKrVuMBpryJ0xr8rYD8cgY/s320/Sarbamangala+Temple.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sarbamangala Temple</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7lcEMCNvq4gUKKK-99rHnk2J_wjdiLghigQUyi36Q2aBi_TwTMLtckvPXPFbjfoUejuOkH-4-F9MefnUEbZSYMY-o7sNL7HgyL9v9F0O_b_qG3JH1jisVBPMqXl-U7KW3GEZz9MNGA3g/s1600/Sher+Shahi+Kalo+Masjid,+Puratan+Chak+Bardhaman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7lcEMCNvq4gUKKK-99rHnk2J_wjdiLghigQUyi36Q2aBi_TwTMLtckvPXPFbjfoUejuOkH-4-F9MefnUEbZSYMY-o7sNL7HgyL9v9F0O_b_qG3JH1jisVBPMqXl-U7KW3GEZz9MNGA3g/s320/Sher+Shahi+Kalo+Masjid,+Puratan+Chak+Bardhaman.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sher Shahi Kalo Masjid, Puratan Chak,Burdwan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIlu-HHJuETDMafhP7RuVRiutVS4Vioyf4gGW9-brAAMlx8CuBEEsf6OfdPhDX4MXhaWkSJ9Al-LHqmjkBnPA1TaK5fwEV-JyFEGvhnYeFJGAJ44u1tbwDv_fdLouow1DS7qIVs1kWK6A/s1600/Star+of+India+Gate%28Curzon+Gate,+Bijoy+Toran%29,Burdwan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIlu-HHJuETDMafhP7RuVRiutVS4Vioyf4gGW9-brAAMlx8CuBEEsf6OfdPhDX4MXhaWkSJ9Al-LHqmjkBnPA1TaK5fwEV-JyFEGvhnYeFJGAJ44u1tbwDv_fdLouow1DS7qIVs1kWK6A/s320/Star+of+India+Gate%28Curzon+Gate,+Bijoy+Toran%29,Burdwan.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Star of India Gate</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiNbVAXTkJht9L2rErBDVQd8zJfyk2Qe_wnbdW-oXM3iy6yF2KaYnc7cA8j28_Q8GZfzYu_Jn7MiFKOOJLzHa52p6XlTRaobckKZFMwmguH-tcwNL-VR6uVuXaDTUbLTQiAQswiJaFAoo/s1600/Star+of+India+gate%28Details%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiNbVAXTkJht9L2rErBDVQd8zJfyk2Qe_wnbdW-oXM3iy6yF2KaYnc7cA8j28_Q8GZfzYu_Jn7MiFKOOJLzHa52p6XlTRaobckKZFMwmguH-tcwNL-VR6uVuXaDTUbLTQiAQswiJaFAoo/s320/Star+of+India+gate%28Details%29.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Star of India Gate</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizWUuYSzeaBt2TFgVrcj-mNRW1yNf6tty3NrRTORqBs9-oGoAyhRwQFrZZ42nKEGEF6NFozdF_8UpFYOfrFzaWlr363eDVPxJDXvu1ECKHr1aZRJy1jHKibo1OmkDx4MozbUYOg9YVMwI/s1600/Statue+on+Krishak+Setu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizWUuYSzeaBt2TFgVrcj-mNRW1yNf6tty3NrRTORqBs9-oGoAyhRwQFrZZ42nKEGEF6NFozdF_8UpFYOfrFzaWlr363eDVPxJDXvu1ECKHr1aZRJy1jHKibo1OmkDx4MozbUYOg9YVMwI/s320/Statue+on+Krishak+Setu.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Statue on Krishak Setu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="CENTER" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-3402421272545450232012-08-28T01:17:00.001-07:002012-08-28T01:17:16.495-07:00EAST KOLKATA WETLANDS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A few weeks back, my elder sister suggested to visit the East Kolkata
Wetlands.Finally we could make the trip on 19th August, 2012.For about
two hours, we traveled through the villages of the region.Though rapid
urbanisation might threat the unique ecology of the area, it is still
quite beautiful,as my photographs suggest.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgUMOrlB0J6MWUABJx5JLOh1iAeRbc8NRGciyvfPPd_bqqTkqo3GzzuEAcOdu_QmtGSojcXS4o0Kjq6x8P8BPh9uH3AJuMbevsi0VjpStEdJjnf62MRLDFN2VxevafWWnVQRTMjjE-FFU/s1600/Dr+Ananda+M+Kar0299.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgUMOrlB0J6MWUABJx5JLOh1iAeRbc8NRGciyvfPPd_bqqTkqo3GzzuEAcOdu_QmtGSojcXS4o0Kjq6x8P8BPh9uH3AJuMbevsi0VjpStEdJjnf62MRLDFN2VxevafWWnVQRTMjjE-FFU/s320/Dr+Ananda+M+Kar0299.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_m4amgNbP2_m1XfiIYEvHkyavOptcrN38aQNQLR3rI4fOCZ7Z_1ns_FfPJaGqVjLJ5kvCwpxmbWrYTfca6KZQmnnmurSj-R0YXIXOr03qxUbBmISvlflAWkTS_ZtKpiqA83pLgr1pwS4/s1600/Dr+Ananda+M+Kar0300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_m4amgNbP2_m1XfiIYEvHkyavOptcrN38aQNQLR3rI4fOCZ7Z_1ns_FfPJaGqVjLJ5kvCwpxmbWrYTfca6KZQmnnmurSj-R0YXIXOr03qxUbBmISvlflAWkTS_ZtKpiqA83pLgr1pwS4/s320/Dr+Ananda+M+Kar0300.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglKRi8ChDT1b7rmQElRn_5zauI5XvCkG0pxkvTFJsjSbj9omtXWCJf90QS8z5OTEwGTaKTo-Jv2RRgenYyyZrIEvLPl8AgGdsiwtVTGXtIEhkDA1Ep0lOTfeCNjGeW5lLQWbg1oWA9jBE/s1600/Dr+Ananda+M+Kar0301.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglKRi8ChDT1b7rmQElRn_5zauI5XvCkG0pxkvTFJsjSbj9omtXWCJf90QS8z5OTEwGTaKTo-Jv2RRgenYyyZrIEvLPl8AgGdsiwtVTGXtIEhkDA1Ep0lOTfeCNjGeW5lLQWbg1oWA9jBE/s320/Dr+Ananda+M+Kar0301.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-67980605849147188172012-06-18T01:04:00.002-07:002012-06-18T01:04:41.885-07:00SEI PALASH GACHHTA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>By
Anjana Ghosh</b></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Grantha
Mitra, Kolkata, 2005</b></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Rs.
30.00</b></span></span></div>
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‘<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sei
Palash Gachhta’ (That Palash Tree) is a collection of thirty two
Bengali poems. These poems, beautifully written by a political
scientist, have been presented in two sections. The first section
reflect the feelings, the dreams and the aspirations of Bengali young
women. The second section deals with serious issues like development,
crime, war etc. Those who are interested in Bengali poetry would
definitely like this literary work.</span></span></div>
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</div>Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-77953035722042455152012-05-04T06:55:00.000-07:002012-06-05T23:05:15.082-07:00Galpo Bhugol Niye<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">By Malay Mukhopadhyay</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ananda Publishers Private Ltd., 1997. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Rs. 40.00</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Galpo Bhugol Niye’ (Stories about Geography) is a collection of Bengali short stories written by Malay Mukhopadhyay. The book contains six stories in total. The author is Professor at the department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan and this unique book is an honest effort to raise interest among the general readers, the school students in particular, about the subject the teacher teaches passionately.</span></div>
</div>Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-19414545717992836692012-05-04T05:56:00.000-07:002012-06-18T01:18:45.075-07:00KATHA CHHABI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Malay Mukhopadhyay and Arnab Ghoshal</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Distributor : Subarnarekha, Kolkata </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Rs. 200.00</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Katha Chhabi’ (Words and Pictures) is a collection of Bengali poems, written by Malay Mukhopadhyay. There are 15 poems in altogether and they are accompanied by some beautiful photographs taken by Arnab Ghoshal. The poet is a well known geographer who has travelled different parts of the world and has closely studied human behaviour, environment and the interrelationship between the two. His literary works clearly reflect the experience the gathered as a serious observer of the social affairs.</span></div>
</div>Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-51464244128992771152012-04-24T06:47:00.003-07:002012-06-05T23:11:17.154-07:00EXPLORING STUDENT POLITICS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 14.5pt;">Anirban Banerjee</span></b><br />
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<b>PUBLISHED BY</b></div>
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<b>Manasi Banerjee</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">BURDWAN,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">WEST <place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">BENGAL</city>, <country-region w:st="on">INDIA</country-region></place></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">1998 </span></div>
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<b>PRICE; </b>Rs.250 </div>
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<b>ABOUT THE BOOK</b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Exploring Student Politics </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">consists of four critical essays on student politics. These were</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">originally published in various academic journals. They were later revised and published </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">in book form. In the first article,” Students & Politics: A Comparative perspective”, the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">author, after a comparative study of student movements in various countries, has tried to </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">point out 1) the major characteristics of student movements and 2) the factors leading to </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">student power movements.1) The major features of student movements are idealism, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">elitism, internationalism and political mindedness.2) Seven key factors lead to student</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">movements. These are national liberation movements, government policy, the education </span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">system, generation gap, social background, unemployment, and alienation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">The second essay, “The Psychology of Student Protest: A Motivational Analysis” is a</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">study of the key factors in student activism, which were distilled after a comparative</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">analysis of student movements in various nations. The main motivating factors, which the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">author identified, were the <i>desire </i>for power, anti-establishment <i>feelings </i>and radical</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">attitudes</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">The third paper, “The Class character of the Student Movement: A Critique of Two</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Theories” is a study of two major theories of student movements. The <i>New Left </i>theory</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">contends that college and university students are a part of the working class and ripe for</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">leading the revolution against capitalism. The theoreticians positing the <i>generation gap</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">theory argue that students conceptualize class consciousness in terms of the generation </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">gap. Rejecting both these approaches, I have argued that <i>students cannot be regarded as</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">a class</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">, either in the Marxian or the Weberian sense. For both Marx and Weber, the term</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">“class” has an economic connotation. For Marx, class is based on relation of a person to</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">the means of production, i.e., whether he owns the means of production or not. For</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Weber, class position means market position. Students are <i>not </i>a class, though they belong </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">to the <i>middle class</i>. Their consciousness is not based on class position. Rather it is based</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">on knowledge. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">The fourth and final article, entitled, “Student Politics in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region>: a Historical</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Profile” is a case study of the student movement in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region> employing the historical</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">method. In this essay, I have attempted a chronological exposition of the main currents in </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Indian student movement from the days of the Young Bengal movement in the mid-19</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 7.5pt;">th </span><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">century till mid-August, 1998-when the manuscript was sent to the press. I have divided</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">the history of the student movement into three phases. In the <i>proto-historical </i>phase, </span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">which coincided with the introduction of western education in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region> by the British </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">colonial regime, the student movement was in an incipient stage. This formative period of</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">the student movement lasted till 1905. It is in the <i>stage of the freedom struggle </i>(1905-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">1947) that the student movement was institutionalized. It played an important role in </span></div>
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<country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">India</span></place></country-region><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">’s freedom struggle. Many student martyrs, like Khudiram Bose, who are household </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">names now, came from lower middle class families; their dominant ideology was</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">patriotism. From 1947 onwards, the student movement entered a new phase which is</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">continuing till this day. In <i>independent <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region></i>, there has been a phenomenal growth of the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">education system. Thanks to the policy of subsidized education, wards of small peasants, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">workers, etc. can also reap the benefits of education. The student movement has focussed </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">on many issues ranging from opposing imperialism and combating authoritarian and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">corrupt rulers to issues that directly concern the student community, i.e, examinations and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">unemployment. The students took part in many progressive movements like the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">Naxalbari movement and the movement against Ms. Indira Gandhi’s authoritarian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">policies in the seventies. But, from the eighties, reactionary movements like the <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Assam</place></country-region></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">movement, the anti-Mandal Commission movement, etc. took place. To conclude, while</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">the student movement has had an overall progressive essence, casteism, communal and </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">secessionist tendencies, which may be described as “a counter current in the youth</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">movement”, are also present. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">This book has been graced with a ‘Foreword ‘by noted educationist and </span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;">researcher on student activism, Prof. Anil Baran Ray.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></span></div>Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-4297305567476527732012-04-24T06:41:00.000-07:002012-04-24T06:41:04.446-07:00HONOUR KILLING AND CIVIL SOCIETY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Real life love stories are always interesting and they draw special attention when such affairs run through rough weather or end in tragedy. Although love-marriage-related conflicts, crimes and violent actions are not uncommon, yet the honour killing incidents in the recent past have once again bring the attitude of the Indian society towards inter-community love marriage under scanner. Moreover, they also raise serious questions regarding the activities of civil society in India.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The cases of honour killing make one thing very clear – even in the new millennium; the Indian society does not feel much confortable with love affairs. Blaming patriarchal social structure of the traditional culture, for that matter, would be a very simplistic explanation. Lord Krishna and his lover Radha are worshipped all over India and this extra-marital love affair remains a source of inspiration to the artists and to the poets for centuries. The patriarchal Hindu society, with all its conservative attitude, did not find any difficulty to celebrate the divine love story in public. But what is praised and discussed in public might not be allowed to take place within the domestic space. Therefore, although love stories were popularized in songs, dramas and in other forms of performing arts, the lovers never had a smooth ride. The parents in India have always preferred arranged marriages and the situation has not changed much even today.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A close look to the society points out that there are reservations about love affairs mainly for two reasons. Firstly, the guardians feel that being engaged in love is nothing but wastage of time and it distracts the attention of the young boys and girls from their studies. Some liberals feel that love is permissible only after reaching maturity, particularly after completing education and after achieving stability and self-sufficiency financially. The second factor of opposition is more important. In Indian society, even today, the love affairs are viewed in connection with marriage. There is a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>general opinion that the lovers should have commitment to the relationship and such a relationship should be taken to the socially acceptable conclusion, that is, ‘marriage’. As a result, all the issues related to marriage appear in the scene, while dealing with love related matters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In India, marriage is a very problematic issue. The choice of mates, rituals to be performed, wedding ceremonies, all these are seriously taken. Conservative parents, for keeping control over the family affairs, prefer to select mates for their children themselves. In the Indian tradition, even today, marriage is regarded as a parental responsibility, particularly the marriage of the daughters. Inability to arrange marriage for the girls is regarded as a matter of shame for the family whereas ensuring a happy marriage for the children in a socially and financially secure family, is a matter of pride for the guardians.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Therefore, in order that marriages may be happy, adjustments after marriage become a major concern. So, the elders of the family try to find optimum similarities between the two sides and the main factors that receive attention during match-making are social status, economic background, ethnicity and caste.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In rarest of rare cases, a mate is selected from a different religious group. In the everyday social life of average Indians, religion, ethnicity and even caste play an important role. Religious traditions and cultures, not only influences one’s activities and ideologies, they tend to give a distinct identity to its followers. In such a social context, it is believed that adjustment by a couple becomes a tough task when the partners belong to different religion, culture, financial strata, caste or race. Further, in this age of consumerism, adjustments are assumed to be much harder when the bride comes of a much richer family but the groom is financially rather poor and weak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In India, marriage is seen not just as an event that gives social sanction to a couple to have sexual relationship and give birth to children but it is viewed in other ways as well. Marriage is a means to raise social status, an instrument to establish contacts with people enjoying power and prestige. Marriage not only determines the position of any individual but also effects the larger family he or she belongs to. Since reputation is very significant and sensitive in a highly stratified society, therefore, very often we find that communities get involved in disputes linked to marriage and tensions arise. Sometimes, such disputes result in violent acts causing law and order problem. In fact, as evident from the media reports from time to time; conflicts, brutality and even murders resulting from inter-caste and inter-religion or inter-ethnic marriages are not rare in the subcontinent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However, caste wars are not the only crime associated with marriage. Violation of The Child Marriage Restraint Act is rampant. Similarly common is fake marriage. Murder and torture for dowry are among the major crimes committed against women in India. What is more, marriage is one of the important reasons and widely used method behind trafficking of young women.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Therefore, although marriage is a personal matter, yet in the Indian context, marriage-related crimes create enough scope for external intervention. Whenever the situation gets complicated, there is an opportunity for some corrupt people, holding the position of power, to fish in troubled waters. Such an opportunistic tribe includes not only the police but then political bosses as well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No sensible person can say that intercommunity love marriages are not desirable. A civilized society can hardly prevent such marriages from taking place in spite of all possible efforts. Ideally, there should not be any interference when mates are adults and legally married. However, complex situation often arises out of such marriages. It is a fact, though undesirable, that even in this age of cultural globalization, intercommunity marriages without family consent are discouraged, resisted and often end in tension and conflict. Such situation is not welcome and it deserves serious attention.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To ensure safe and peaceful time for the lovers after marriage, the best option would be to remove tensions among the communities and establish a culture of responsibility. Here the civil society has one important role to play. But this is not an easy task to accomplish and there is no shortcut to success. Only blaming the conservative parents and asking them to become open minded and to respect individual choice are not going to help much. Experience shows that love marriages in large number end in cheating, in trafficking of young girls etc. There is a general belief that love marriages often lead to divorce due to failure in adjustment and lack of commitment to the relationship. In the Indian family value system, divorce is not easily acceptable and remarriage is difficult. After years to investing in children’s upbringing and spending huge amount for their marriage, no Indian parents would like to witness separation after a few months. Asking parents to be tolerant and allowing youths to go after their own choice – even to the extent of becoming irresponsible in the name of individual freedom – may not be the proper approach to establish a healthy social atmosphere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is a simple fact that unless the bitterness among different sections is not mitigated, conflicts may ensue from time to time fro intercommunity love marriages. Such unfortunate happenings are not unnatural or infrequent in a society which has poor record of checking communal riots as also of organizing speedy trial and delivering justice to the victims. Therefore, due to the failure of the political system, the task for the civil socity is to create a conducive environment for tension free interaction among all the communities. Mere use of attractive words – just to blame some fundamentalists and thereby claiming a secular label forgetting other real issues – will not serve any real purpose. Time has come to remember that playing to the gallery by the intelligentia can hardly achieve any positive result. Abusing police after an unfortunate incident and criticizing political parties selectively will fall far short of what is needed. There is no denying the fact that, there are reasons for communal tensions to exist in India. Fundamentalism and narrow sectarian mentality apart, special schemes aimed at appeasing specific communities for vote bank politics affect social harmony beyond repair. But unfortunately, such harmful acts have rarely faced any strong, continuous large scale movement lead by the civil society. Similarly, very little has been done by the civil society to pressurize the political system to go for reforming the police and judiciary. The intention on the part of the opportunistic intellectuals to remain politically correct in every occasion only allows communalism to spread its wings. Unless the civil society realizes its roles and duties, a culture of discipline and responsibility can never be established in the Indian social context. Otherwise, many lovers, sharing a common dream from different community backgrounds, will suffer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif'; font-size: 13pt;">Ananda Mohan Kar (</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif';"><span style="font-size: small;">Asst. Professor, Department of Sociology, The University of Burdwan, India).</span></span></b></div>
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</span> </div>Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5763459599396313536.post-80843524743860473612011-12-20T10:20:00.000-08:002011-12-20T10:31:37.405-08:00COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Negative Consequences for Indian Higher Education<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><style type="text/css">
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<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> Every year, thousands of aspiring candidates try their luck in different competitive examinations across India. Since success in these tests can ensure secured government jobs or places in prestigious educational institutions, they have tremendous importance in public life in this poor Third World country.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> It is easier to understand the public views rather than to realize the social consequences. There are several problems associated with the competitive-examination-culture and some of them are closely linked to our higher education system.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"><b>Wastage of Talent</b></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> In most of the competitive exams (that are held for Government jobs), the eligibility criterion is graduation from any recognized university. Since job opportunities are limited and in most cases a Post-Graduation degree fails to guarantee any success in the highly competitive job market, a growing number of college or university students prefer to concentrate more on competitive examinations than on higher study. From the point of view of the students, this act is absolutely logical. But the problem lies in the fact that the shift of focus affects their higher study, particularly that of the ordinary students, who struggle for making proper adjustments between two types of examination system.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> On the other hand, sometimes, a brilliant university student takes up the job of a school teacher, leaving his or her Post Graduation study in the middle. For these people, returning to higher study, while remaining in service, is a quite tough task. They have neither sufficient time nor the opportunities to attend any institution. Unfortunately, still, there are apprehensions about the quality and the market value of the degrees offered by correspondence courses. In case of science students, the correspondence can offer no solution to this problem.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> The departure of the better students from the institution and the neglect of Post Graduate study by many for the preparation of such competitive examinations are definitely frustrating for the sincere university teachers. Study of subjects at the top-most level demands excellence and therefore, brilliant persons are required in the positions of teachers, students and researchers. Wastage of talents and lack of seriousness in higher study is often reflected in the poor show by the examiners in the NET and SET examinations – the tests that are held to screen the eligible ones for teaching at the colleges and universities.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> But there are many other problems and their origin lies in the methods and syllabus of the competitive examinations. What is the rational to test the knowledge of the candidates in two optional subjects, at the time of recruiting our civil servants? Several candidates try to pick up the so called ‘scoring’ subjects and by doing so, they often end up with selecting subjects they have never studied before. There are many subjects that one candidate is compelled to study only for the competitive examinations and knowledge in such subjects hardly matters when one seeks job in private sector, which is the last hope for the unsuccessful candidates.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> In case of the examination arranged by the West Bengal School Service Commission (SSC), one finds a different problem. In most of the subjects, two separate tests are held – one for the pass graduate level and the other for the Honours Graduate and Post Graduate level. A candidate is permitted to appear in one of them only. When there is no dearth of unemployed candidates having Post Graduate qualification, one can hardly find any reason to make provisions to recruit large number of teachers to teach subjects in which they have only Pass Graduate level expertise. Perhaps, the pass graduate level teachers receive lesser salaries and so, by recruiting teachers in this category, the Government can save some money for other development purpose. But this strategy minimizes the value of higher education and denying school children the best available teachers is not the right step to develop human resource for future.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> The issue can be viewed from another angle. A candidate of SSC examination might find that there are very few posts, or not a single one, in a particular subject in which he or she holds a Post Graduation degree. To increase his probability of success, he might be tempted to appear for the Pass Graduation level test, in a subject that he had studied while doing graduation course some time back. Therefore, the candidate would be in a situation to prepare for a subject with which he is not in best of touch and studying a subject at the pass graduation level test would not increase his knowledge by any considerable amount.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"><b>Market</b></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> Moreover, whenever unfamiliar subjects are to be prepared in quick time, it becomes while remaining engaged in other activities, it becomes a challenging task. The poor public libraries extend little help in collecting necessary reading materials. However, in the market economy, for any large scale demand, there appears the supplying agencies. So, here we find books, magazines, correspondence courses and tutorial homes to meet the requirements of the aspiring candidates. Anyone having purchasing power is able to afford these materials and services.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> At present, it is really tough to achieve success in competitive examinations without consulting specially designed materials. Therefore, it is gradually becoming difficult for brilliant but financially poor students. Poor people somehow manage to finish formal mainstream education. But spending more for uncertain outcome is beyond their reach. This is natural in class divided society. But the concern is that if merit takes the back seat, the frustrated underprivileged sections slowly lose confidence in the system. This is not a good sign for the social order. Significantly, our competitive-examination-culture supports a coaching industry, which makes huge profit without contributing anything to the education system. More unfamiliar areas are included in the syllabus, grater is the dependence on the coaching industry and higher is the course fee. It is shocking to find that some publishing houses, even some ‘reputed’ tutorial homes sell poor quality reading materials in high price.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> Competitive examinations in India are really tough and probably, the highly skilled ones win. But the society needs to think about the unsuccessful candidates as well. The failed persons are far higher in number than handful of successful candidates.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> The important point is that for different competitive examinations, thousands of examinees do lots of hard work for a limited number of seats, but, it is a pity that some of the subjects they prepare or the sub-standard material they study, do not help the unsuccessful candidates in future. If failed in exam, entire effort is wasted. Therefore, for a failed candidate, ultimately it turns out to be nothing but loss of time, money and energy. Our youths should not remain engaged in studying something that does not help anyone in the society, except the coaching centres and some publishing houses.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"><b>Reforms Required</b></span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> It is true that competitive examinations are essential. But it is equally important that questions should be asked only from the areas that have relevance with the job one candidate is aspiring for. While recruiting teachers, emphasis should be on the subject and on language skill. The candidates who have already qualified NET and SET examinations, may directly be recruited for school teaching after the personality test. Why should candidates, who have already proved their ability to teach at the University level, will have to seat in written test to prove that they have sufficient knowledge to teach school children studying at class five? Higher education should be given its due respect in society.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> On the other hand, for selecting civil servants, there is no point to ask questions from optional subjects. There should be efforts to modify the syllabus. Lastly, if possible, a common syllabus should be formed by the different service commissions and it would be better if such bodies can organize common test for various services. Every year, dates of two or more competitive examinations clash with one another. To avoid such situation, it is necessary to reduce the number of such tests.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"> There is little point to conduct tough examinations without considering their huge negative impact on society, particularly on the higher education system.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
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<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Book Antiqua,serif; font-size: large;"><b>About the Author: Ananda Mohan Kar,</b></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style,serif; font-size: large;"><b>Asst. Professor, Department of Sociology, The University of Burdwan, India.</b></span></div></div>Humble Sociologisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13916452921708276922noreply@blogger.com1